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There are several languages in India belonging to different language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 75% of Indians, the Dravidian languages spoken by 20% of Indians and other languages by rest of Indians.〔(【引用サイトリンク】website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online )〕 Other languages spoken in India belong to the Austroasiatic, Sino-Tibetan, a few other minor language families and isolates. More than three millennia of language contact has led to significant mutual influence among the four predominant language families in mainland India and South Asia. The Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language. The official languages of the Union Government of the Republic of India are Hindi in the Devanagari script and English.〔Schwartzberg, Joseph E., 2007. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', (India—Linguistic Composition )〕 The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists 22 languages,〔Sai (2015)〕 which have been referred to as ''scheduled'' languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement. In addition, the Government of India has awarded the distinction of ''classical language'' to Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and Odia. According to Census of India of 2001, India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages. However, figures from other sources vary, primarily due to differences in definition of the terms "language" and "dialect". The 2001 Census recorded 30 languages which were spoken by more than a million native speakers and 122 which were spoken by more than 10,000 people.〔 Two contact languages have played an important role in the history of India: Persian and English.〔Bhatia, Tej K and William C. Ritchie. (2006) Bilingualism in South Asia. In: Handbook of Bilingualism, pp. 780-807. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing〕 Persian was the court language during the Mughal period in India. It reigned as an administrative language for several centuries until the era of British colonization. Up till now, English is a lingua franca in India. Hindi, the most widely spoken language in India today, serves as the ''lingua franca'' across much of North and Central India. However, there have been anti-Hindi agitations in South India, most notably in the state of Tamil Nadu (anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu). There is also opposition in non-Hindi belt states towards any perceived imposition of Hindi in these areas.〔 ==History== (詳細はIndo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family evolved from Old Indic by way of the Middle Indic Prakrit languages and Apabhraṃśa of the Middle Ages. The Indo-Aryan languages developed and emerged in three stages — Old Indo-Aryan (1500 BCE to 600 BCE), Middle Indo-Aryan stage (600 BCE and 1000 CE) and New Indo-Aryan (between 1000 CE and 1300 CE). Modern north Indian languages, such as Hindi (or more correctly, Hindustani), Assamese (Asamiya), Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, Rajasthani and Odia, evolved into distinct, recognisable languages in the New Indo-Aryan Age. Persian or ''Pharsi'' was brought into India by the Ghaznavi and other Turko-Afghan dynasties as the court language. Persians influenced the art, history and literature of the region for more than 500 years, resulting in the Persianisation of many Indian tongues, mainly lexically. In 1837, the British replaced Persian with English for administrative purposes, and the Hindi movement of the 19th Century replaced the Persianised vocabulary for one derived from Sanskrit also replacing the use of the Perso-Arabic script for Hindi/Hindustani with Devanagari.〔 Each of the northern Indian languages had different influences. For example, Hindustani was strongly influenced by Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic, leading to the emergence of Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu as registers of the Hindustani language. Modern Standard Hindi is recognised as the official language of India while Urdu is a scheduled language. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Languages of India」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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